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How precisely will tariffs affect the economy? The overall impact depends on whether President Trump continues to ease the duties he initially introduced or decides to pursue his original, aggressive approach. But some specific effects are already coming into focus.
U.S. trade with China will be up-ended, since Trump has imposed far higher tariffs on Chinese imports than the 10% rate he has applied to most countries’ imports while he seeks trade deals on a country-by-country basis. Despite exemptions from the highest duties for imported electronics from China, the two countries are effectively at war when it comes to trade.
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Beijing responded to Trump with steep levies of its own on virtually all U.S. goods. China accounts for 13% of America’s imports. That’s down from 21% in 2018 but still hefty: $439 billion in imports last year.
Let’s look at how that huge sum breaks down by product type:
- $124 billion in Chinese electronics — again, temporarily exempt from the highest new U.S. duties.
- $94 billion in machinery and instruments.
- $37 billion in clothing.
- $30 billion in toys.
- Plus $19 billion in plastic products.
- $19 billion in furniture and home furnishings.
- $16 billion in base and fabricated metals.
- Another $100 billion in miscellaneous goods.
Consumers will see many low-cost Chinese goods disappear from shelves, since many have thin profit margins and can’t be imported profitably anymore.
Multinational companies will need time to move production out of China when it comes to consumer goods that are no longer viable to export to the U.S. For instance, one city in China produces a third of the global production of socks. Moving production of low-cost goods back to the U.S. seems unlikely, despite the administration’s reshoring goals — U.S. wages are prohibitively high for that sort of low-skill labor. Manufacturing jobs here are high-wage and high-skill.
The U.S. industries most dependent on imports, from China and elsewhere: Petroleum, chemicals, autos, electronics, machinery, metals, electric gear, aviation and appliances. Each imports at least 20% of the parts and materials that they need to make their products.
About 10% of building materials are imported, though the figure is higher for home appliances, lighting, HVAC and plumbing materials.
China’s retaliation will especially target two U.S. sectors: Farming and tech.
Beijing is curtailing all exports of certain rare earth minerals, which are key to high-tech sectors like semiconductors, aviation, robotics, defense and telecom.
Chinese tariffs figure to cost American farmers access to a massive market. Farm goods comprise 8% of America’s total exports, and China’s leaders understand how politically sensitive U.S. presidents are to pain inflicted on the farm economy.
This forecast first appeared in The Kiplinger Letter, which has been running since 1923 and is a collection of concise weekly forecasts on business and economic trends, as well as what to expect from Washington, to help you understand what’s coming up to make the most of your investments and your money. Subscribe to The Kiplinger Letter.